20 груд. 2011

Сценарій Новорічної казки на англійській мові (початкова школа)

Дійові особи:
Ведучий 1          Кіт у чоботях 
Ведучий 2           Попелюшка 
Кіт у чоботях      Вінні Пух 
Дюймовочка      Червона 
Шапочка Вовк    Попелюшка 
Кіт у чоботях      Дюймовочка 
Вінні Пух             Снігова Королева 
Чіполіно              Спляча Красуня 
Лис                       Герда 
Золота Рибка     Снігуронька 
Дід Мороз           Мишеня





Хід свята:
В1: New Year is coming…


В2: Everybody thinks about the presents.


В1: Let's travel to Fairy Tales country


В2: O.K.


Музика: "Cinderella" by Britney Spears


Попелюшка: Hello! I am a poor Cinderella. I loose my crystal shoes all the time! My dream is to have comfortable "Nike's" crosses.


Музика: "Help" by Beatles


Вовк: Hi! I am a wolf. I am so tired of eating rabbits and hares. Help me, please! Take me to McDonald's!


Музика: "You can leave your hat on..."


Червона Шапочка: Hello! I am Red Hat. Help me! My hat makes me crazy! Please, repaint it into another colour!


Музика: "Never dance again..." GM


Кіт у чоботях: I am Cat in boots. You must help me! I can't dance in my boots. Please, give me for a present a pair of sleepers!


Музика: "Hey, baby!"


Дюймовочка: I am a little Inchgirl. My wish is to grow into tall, beautiful model, like Klaudia Shiffer. I beg you to help me!


Музика: " Milk and..."


Вінні Пух: Hi! I am Winnie-the-Pooh. As you see , I am overweight. All I need is training machine. I lay my hope only on you.


Музика: "Frozen" by Madonna


Снігова Королева: I am a Snow Queen. I am sick of snow and frost everywhere. So cold!!! I wish to go to the Haiti Islands.


Музика: "Love to see you cry..."


 Чіполіно: Hello! I am Onion boy. I have a great problem with my smell. Everybody says that I smell, like an onion and always cries around me. Please, give me for a present air refresher!


Музика: "Dancing Queen" GM


Спляча Красуня: Hello! I am Sleeping Beauty. I am bored of sleeping. I'm tired of waiting my Prince coming. Take me to the disco, please!


Музика: "I've got you under my skin" 


Лис: Hello! I am a Fox! You know, my red skin is so hot! I ask you to shave me. Please!!!


Музика: "Wish you were here" Red Nex


Герда: Hi! I am Gerda. I spent all my money to get her. But Kie is still far away. Please, lay trams to the Snow Queen's palace!


Музика: "How much is the fish?" Scooter


Золота рибка: Hi! I am a Golden Fish. I don't want to do old man's crazy wishes! I just want to be a normal Golden Fish, like all my sisters.


Музика: "I could be your hero"


Мишеня: Hello! I am a little grey Mouse. I'm afraid of mostly everything. My dream is to be brave like a hero. Help me!


Музика: "Enigma"


Снігуронька: Hi! I am a Snow girl!


Всі: WOW! Please, Snow girl help us!


Снігуронька: I ... (плаче)


Музика: "Girl in the mirror" by Britney Spears


Всі: Why do you cry, Snow girl?


Снігуронька: I'm not a Snow girl.


Всі: Ah!


Снігуронька: My best wish was to be a Snow girl, that's why I told you lie. Can you forgive me?


Музика: " Family portrait" Pink




Дід Мороз: I heard your requests and decided to help everybody of you. Don't cry little girl. My granddaughter caught a cold. Now you'll be my Snow girl. Do you agree?


Снігуронька: O, yes. Thank you Father Frost! I'll be a good Snow girl, I promise!


Дід Мороз: I prepared presents for everybody.


Всі: Hurray!


Музика: "Hound dog"


В1: Our New Year's fairy-tail is over.


В2: We wish you happy holidays.


В1,2: And believe, your dreams will come true!


Всі: "We wish you a Marry Christmas".

18 вер. 2011

The Party "HALLOWEEN" (Сценарій свята "Хелловін")


Мета проведення: 
1. Ознайомити учнів з традиціями Англії та Америки на прикладі святкування Halloween (31 жовтня). 
2. Зацікавити учнів у вивченні англійської мови, як засобу для знайомства з традиціями англомовних країн. 
3. Активізувати в учнів творчі здібності при підготовці та проведенні свята. 
Обладнання: 
• оформлення залу (малюнки дітей, що зображують всіляку нечисть, тематичні газети, виставка "Вони розшукуються", гарбузи); 
• учні заздалегідь готують костюми для свята; 
• заздалегідь розучуються пісні спільно з учителем музики; 
• учні розучують вірші; 
• учні 9 класу готують танець на осінню тему.
 Хід уроку:
Ведуча: Hello everybody! We've gathered together for our Halloween Party. We want all of you to enjoy the party, to be merry and jolly. Today is October, 31. But a week before. Look and listen.

Scene1 
Kлac. Ha стіні висиmь календар - 25 жовтня. Розклад уроків — English. За партами сидять учні. Біля дошки - вчитель.

Teacher: Dear pupils, as you know, in a week's time we are going to have a Halloween Party. And now we have to decide who will be who and what shall we do. In this part pupils from the 5 till 10 forms party will take. What are your suggestions?
P1: We should have a contest of posters.
T: It's a good idea! What else?
P2: To make a lot of pumpkins with terrible grins and lights in then.
T: Of course, we will.
P3: To draw monster pictures to frighten the little ones.
T: Just don't frighten them to death.
All pupils: Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha...
T: Any other ideas?
P4: Why not make a dress-up parade? I'll be a vampire.
P5: I'll be a witch.
P6: Me too.
P1: I'll be a demon.
P2, P3: We'll be evil spirits.
P7: I'll be a monster.
P8: I'll be a black cat.
T: OK, OK. Wait, Wait... A large carnival procession. Well, and then make your costumes. And don't forget, we should write and send out invitations to our party.
Next time we'll talk about when Halloween was first celebrated and why a pumpkin is a symbol of this festival. Goodbye for now.

 Гасне світло

 Scene2

Перед сценою розкидане листя. На авансцену виходить учениця, читає вірш "October" by John Updike. Читання вірша може супроводжувати відповідний музичний ряд.

The month is amber,
Gold and brown.
Blue ghosts of smoke
Float through the town. 
Great V's of geese 
Honk overhead, 
And maples turn 
A fiery red.
Frost bites the lawn,
The stars are slits
In a black cat's eye
Before she spits.
At last, small witches, 
Goblins, hags, 
And pirates armed 
With paper bags.
Their costumes hinged
On safety pins,
Go haunt a night
Of pumpkin grins.

Scene 3

На сцені– група учнів у костюмах

PI: Hallowe'en is coming.
What will you wear? 
P2: I might wear a blanket
And be a brown bear. 
P1: Hallowe'en is coming.
Who will you meet?
P2: I might meet a princess
Skipping down the street. 
P1: Hallowe'en is coming.
What will you do?
P3: I might go trick-or-treating.
How about you?
PI: Hallowe'en is coming.
What will you be?
P3: I might be a pirate
On the deep blue sea. 
P1: Hallowe'en is coming.
What will you see? 
P4: I might see a Jack-o'-Lantern
Winking at me.
P1: Hallowe’en is coming
What will you be? 
P4: It's a secret, 
So, wait and see!

 Scene 4

Jack-o '-Lantern, учень в масці гарбуза. Під час розповіді можна вимкнути освітлення в приміщенні

Jack-o'-Lantern: Hello! My name is Jack and here is my lantern made from a pumpkin. As you see, I've cut out slits for two eyes, a nose, and a mouth, and put a lighted candle inside. I used to play practical jokes on the devil and I'm punished for it.

Учні 6 класу виконують пісню “Pumpkin”

Ведуча: Many people carve happy and funny faces. They place the pumpkins in the windows or on the doorsteps. The children also put on strange masks and frightening costumes every Halloween. Some children paint their faces to look like monsters. Then they carry baskets and bags. They go from house and knock on the door. They sing “Trick or treat! Trick or treat”, meaning “Give us a treat or we’ll play a trick on your”. People give the children sweets, cookies and apples.

На сцену виходять переодягнені діти і розігрують сценку  “Trick or treat!”. Далі діти виконують пісню.

Hop-Hei 

(на мотив “Хоп-хей” Леонід Агутін)

Oh, Halloween’s the time
When the ghosts can really talk;
The night when witches ride on brooms
And skeletons can walk.
We put on masks and dress
To scare the folks we meet.
It’s lots of fun to knock on doors
And holler: “Trick or treat!”
Hop-hei, trick or treat,
Give us something good to eat!
Give us candy, give us cake,
Something sweet to take.
Hop-hei, trick or treat,
Give us something good to eat!
You had better do it quick
Or we’ll surely play a trick.

Scene5

Ha сцену під музику і бубни виходять Друїди. Можна бубни замінити будь-якою похмурою музикою.

D1: We are Druids, Celtic priests. We are observing the end of autumn and the beginning of winter. We are not spirits or ghosts. But this night they and witches all come out. We don't want them to hurt us. That's why we are dressed this way. We want to deceive the evil spirits.
D2: The Druid New Year begins on the 1st of November. Winter comes and the Lord of Death rules. So there are many ghosts, goblins, witches, skeletons and cats. Druids lighted huge bonfires to frighten away evil spirits. And we can see bonfires on Halloween today.

Scene6

На сцену виходить переодягнений учень і розповідає вірш.

Halloween Chants

Halloween, Halloween, magic night.
We are glad and very bright.
We all dance and sing and recite,
“Welcome! Welcome! Halloween night!”

Ведуча: Now let’s play a little. I know one interesting game. Someone puts water and apples in a big bowl. The apples stay on top of the water. The players must keep their hands behind their back and take an apple out of the water with their teeth. The game is very funny and difficult, and players usually get very wet!

Діти грають в гру, запропоновану ведучою.

Scene7

Ведуча: We suggest you to see some witches and to learn how to recognize a witch when you see one.

Демонстрація мод 

1. A real witch is always to be wearing gloves when you meet her.
2. A real witch is always bald.
3. Look for the nose-holes.
4. The eyes of a real witch are different from yours and mine.
5. Witches never have toes. 
6. Their spit is blue.

Учениця читає вірш

The little witch
Once long ago
In a wee small land
Lived a witch, her cat,
And a mouse.
They stayed together
And didn’t fight,
Though they lived
In a very small house.
Then cat was little,
The mouse was small.
But the teeny-tiny witch.
Was the littlest of all. 

Scene8

 Ведуча: And now let us sing a song “Looby-Loo”. Try to sing and dance with us. It will be very funny.

Учні співають пісню і виконують рухи танцю.

Looby-Loo

Here we dance Looby-Loo,
Here we dance Looby-Light.
Here we dance Looby-Loo,
All on a Saturday night.

1. I put my right hand in,
I put my right hand out,
I give my right hand
a shake, shake, shake
And turn myself about.

2. I put my left hand in, 
I put my left hand out,
I give my left hand
a shake, shake, shake
And turn myself about. 

3. I put my right foot in,
I put my right foot out,
I give my right foot
a shake, shake, shake
And turn myself about.

4. I put my left foot in,
I put my left foot out,
I give my left foot
a shake, shake, shake
And turn myself about. 

Ведуча: And now let us sing a song together. This song is about friendship and love for all peace. To my mind this song is will be excellent for the end of our party. 

 Here is my hand
 1. Here is my hand, friend, here is my hand,
Over to you from my bonny homeland;
Building the future, comrades are we,
Here is my hand, friend, over to sea.

2. Over to you, friend, over to you!
Here is my hand, friend, we will be true, -
True to youth’s promise never to break,
True to the new world we’re going to make. 


6 вер. 2011

Вивчаємо іноземну мову

У сучасному світі знання іноземної мови - це великий плюс. На сьогоднішній день батьки починають все частіше навчати дітей іноземної мови з раннього віку (з трьох років). Нерідко вони ставлять питання про те, як же необхідно навчати дітей раннього віку іноземної мови?
Мабуть, слід почати з більш загального питання: як навчають дітей раннього віку? Ви напевно чули про те, що для маленьких дітей найефективнішим методом навчання є гра, і це дійсно так. Діти дошкільного віку найкраще засвоюють нову інформацію саме в процесі гри, коли відсутня будь-яка напруга. 
Наведемо приклад: для того, щоб покращити математичні навички та навички з читання, дитині необхідно мати чітке уявлення про причинно-наслідкові відносини. Для того, щоб навчитися розуміти суть оповідань, дитина повинна усвідомити, що одна подія неодмінно змінює (ініціює) іншу. Для того, щоб зрозуміти концепцію математики, наприклад, додавання, дитина повинна зрозуміти, що сума, отримана при додаванні, повинна бути неодмінно більшою за кожну окрему цифру. Більшість дітей до п'яти років не має чіткого уявлення про те, що «якщо зараз відбувається те-то і те-то, отже, далі станеться те-то і те-то». Саме тому в навчанні дітей до 5 років слід використовувати всілякі предмети, якими дитина могла б маніпулювати. 
Дуже важливо також відзначити той факт, що діти до 5 років краще засвоюють нову інформацію в процесі взаємодії з іншими, особливо, з дорослими. Звідси випливає, що самостійне навчання дитини (перегляд пізнавальних програм по телебаченню, прослуховування касети з вимовою іноземних слів або перегляд диска з програмою самонавчання іноземної мови на комп'ютері) менш ефективні, ніж вивчення іноземної мови через реальне спілкування або гру разом з дорослими. Ніякі комп'ютерні програми з самостійного вивчення іноземної мови без допомоги з боку батьків, які можуть поділитися своїм практичним досвідом, допомогти правильно закріпити вимову слів, запам'ятати їх значення (шляхом повторення), не принесуть значних результатів. 
Почніть вивчення іноземної мови з того, що просто вказуйте дитині на навколишні предмети і називайте їх іноземною мовою, повторюючи назву іноземною кілька разів. Постарайтеся спочатку називати предмети рідною мовою, а потім іноземною і навпаки. Даний метод вивчення слів Ви можете застосовувати і під час прогулянки з дитиною по парку, і під час гри в пісочниці, і під час годування. Коли Ваша дитина вивчить певний набір слів, пробуйте вже вчити окремі фрази з 2-3 слів. Для закріплення правильної вимови слів не завадять і аудіокасети, однак і в цьому випадку намагайтеся прослуховувати їх разом з дитиною і разом з нею повторювати вимову. Стануть у нагоді невеликі вірші і короткі пісеньки для вивчення фраз і закріплення вимови, оскільки вони завдяки римі краще запам'ятовуються, ніж окремі слова. 
В ході навчання можна також використовувати словник з ілюстраціями. В даному випадку ви можете показувати на предмет, називати його на іноземній мові і говорити про цей предмет (вводячи нові слова на іноземній, пов'язані з даним предметом: наприклад, ось це м'яч (ball), він синього кольору, синій англійською звучить так -то і так-то). 
Ви поступово можете також почати коментувати прості дії дитини на іноземній мові, повторюючи їх кілька разів (наприклад, Катя зараз їсть, малює, грає з лялькою і т.д.). 

Did you know? - Цікаві факти про англійську мову



* * *
"I am" and "I do" are the shortest English-language sentences with a subject and verb.

* * *

"Dreamt" is the only English word that ends in the letters "mt".

* * *

The longest one-syllable word in the English language is screeched.

* * *

"Floccinaucinihilipilification" is the longest word in the Oxford English Dictionary. It means "the act of estimating as worthless."

* * *

The longest place-name still in use is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwenuaki tanatahu, a New Zealand hill. It means, "The place where Tamatea, the man with the big knee who slid, climbed, and swallowed mountains, known as land-eater, played on his flute to his loved one."

* * *

No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, or purple.

* * *

Shakespeare invented the word 'assassination' and 'bump.'

* * *

"Stewardesses" is the longest word typed with only the left hand; lollipop" with your right.

* * *

In England, the Speaker of the House is not allowed to speak.

* * *

The only 15-letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is "uncopyrightable".

* * *

The sentence: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" uses every letter of the alphabet.

* * *

There are only four words in the English language which end in "dous": tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous.

* * *

There are two words in the English language that have all five vowels in order: "abstemious" and "facetious."

* * *

There is a word in the English language with only one vowel, which occurs five times: "indivisibility."

* * *

The words 'racecar,' 'kayak' and 'level' are the same whether they are read left to right or right to left (palindromes).

* * *

TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one row of the keyboard.

* * *

The word "lethologica" describes the state of not being able to remember the word you want.

* * *

"I am." is the shortest complete sentence in the English language.

* * *

How many words do you need to learn in order to communicate in most situations? A vocabulary of between 1500 to 2000 words should be enough for most circumstances. The more you know the better because even though you can control the words you use, you can't control the other person. Because of this, you need to learn more words to understand well than you need to speak well.

* * *

What are the world's most widely spoken languages? Estimates of how many people speak a language can never be completely precise and therefore vary considerably. However, English English com, together with World English, have come up with the following figures: Mandarin Chinese (837,000,000), English (370,000,000), Spanish (300,000,000), Bengali (189,000,000), Hindi/Urdu (182,000,000), Arabic (174,950,000), Portuguese (170,000,000), Russian (170,000,000), Japanese (125,000,000), German (98,000,000), Javanese (79,000,000), French (75,000,000)

* * *

How many words does the average native speaker of English know? This depends on the speakers level of education, background etc. but somewhere between 12,000 and 20,000. Shakespeare used more than 30,000 words in his poems and sonnets.

3 вер. 2011

Віршики на англійській мові


Family
      ***
I have a father.
I have a mother.
I have a sister.
I have a brother.
Father, mother, sister, brother –
Hand in hand with one another.

***
This is my father. This is my mother.
This is my brother Paul.
This is my sister, this is my uncle.
How I love them all.

***
Here is my father,
Here is my mother,
Here is my sister,
Here is my brother.
Father, mother,
Sister, brother –
We like to be together.

***
That is your mother,
I agree, she is fine.
You love your mother,
And I love mine!

My Mother’s Face
I know a face, a lovely face
As full of beauty as of grace,
A face of pleasure and of smile.
In darkness it gives light.
A face that is itself like joy,
To see it I’m a happy boy.
And I have a joy that have no other.
This lovely woman is my mother!

I love my Mummy
1, 1, 1 – I love the sun.
2, 2, 2 – I love my Mummy too!
3, 3, 3 – My Mummy loves me.
4, 4, 4 – I love her more and more.
I count from 1 – I love the sun.
I count to four – I love my Mummy more!

Help Your Mother!
Help your mother, lay the table;
Put a knife and fork and spoon.
Help your mother, lay the table
Every afternoon.
Help your mother, clean the table;
Take a knife and fork and spoon.
Help your mother, clean the table
Morning, night and afternoon.

Parts of Body
***
It’s me.
I have two legs
With which I walk.
I have a tongue
With which I talk,
And with it too
I eat my food
And tell
If it ‘s bad or good.

I have
I have a head.
It’s very well!
I have a nose,
So I can smell.
I have two eyes
And I can see,
I have two ears
And I can hear.
I have two legs
So I can walk,
I have a mouth.
So I can talk.

How many fingers do I have?
How many fingers do I have?
Five on my right hand,
Five on my left hand.
How many fingers do I have?
How many toes do I have?
Five on my right foot,
Five on my left foot.
How many toes do I have.

All About Me
Ten little fingers,
Ten little toes;
Two little ears,
And one little nose;
Two little blue eyes
That shine so nice
And always so broght;
One little mouth
To kiss Mum “Good night”.

2 вер. 2011

Love, Fault and Imperfection (аналіз сонет Шекспіра)


Shakespeare’s Sonnets are as popular as misunderstood. Though they had been published in 1609, in Shakespeare’s lifetime, it was most likely a pirated edition, and they were never republished until the late 17th century, when a certain compiler issued a collection of wildly distorted Shakespearean poems. He felt it was possible even to cut two of three sonnets in pieces and merge them together. This led to many misconceptions about the nature of the Sonnets, which survived well into the 19th and 20th century even after the true texts had been discovered.
One of those misconceptions is that all or most of the Sonnets are love poems addressed to a woman. This idea had infl uenced the Russian translations by Nicolas Gerbel and Samuel Marshak who made Shakespeare address a woman where in fact he addressed a man. Actually, only 26 out of 154 sonnets address a ‘Dark Lady’ whose identity is unknown. Two of the rest are purely allegorical, and 126 are dedicated to a ‘Fair Friend’ – a young man of noble birth. The ‘Fair Friend’ could conceivably be either Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, to whom Shakespeare had dedicated his two narrative poems earlier, or William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and a nephew of Philip Sydney.
The discovery that the addressee of most sonnets was in fact male was shocking and led to another misconception – about Shakespeare’s perversion. However, nothing indicates that Shakespeare was interested in other men: all we know about his personal relations is that he was married, had children by his wife and once had an affair with one of his female fans. Besides, in Sonnets 1–17 Shakespeare persuades his ‘Fair Friend’ to get married. What misleads a modern reader is the highly emotional tone of the ‘Fair Friend’ sonnets and the use of the word ‘love’. In fact, there was nothing abnormal in such expression of feelings in Medieval and Renaissance culture, and affection did not necessarily mean sexual feelings. ‘Love’ was often used for ‘friendship’ until the 18th century. People just used to be more emotionally open than we are (consider the writings of Karamzin and Radishchev).
What is actually astonishing about the Sonnets is their general idea. Since the time of Petrarch (1304–1374), it had been commonly assumed that the addressee of a sonnet should be represented as perfect by nature. A sonnet meant praise. But it is imperfection of his characters that Shakespeare lays stress upon. While it is widely known that the ‘Dark Lady’ has imperfect looks (Sonnet 130, ‘My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun’), it is even more important that both she and ‘Fair Friend’ are imperfect morally. Sometimes Shakespeare becomes really preoccupied with their faults. Unlike earlier sonnet writers, he does not claim that he took to these two people because they were perfect – his affection is deeply personal, and the imperfections of his friend and mistress is what makes his feelings human.

William Shakespeare


The last quarter of the 16ft century saw an outburst of English drama whose true gem was indeed William Shakespeare (1564—1616). To the  reader, the coming of Shakespeare seems miraculous, if not mysterious.
Given the fact that very little is known about his personality, some people doubt that he had ever written anything at all — there must have been some other author, they argue.
In fact, Shakespeare's emergence was powerful, but in no way surprising. By the time he was born, England had a steady cultural basis for a new era in literature. In the early 16th century John Colett, an Oxford professor, introduced a new standard for school education, under which children of common people were taught Latin classical literature like Virgil and Cicero.
The recently invented printing press allowed even poor people to have text-books. It was also throughout the 16th century that many pieces of ancient and contemporary foreign literature were translated into English and published in hundreds, even thousands of copies. So things had changed a lot since the
Middle Ages, and literature was mirroring the change. There were at least three major playwrights starting a bit earlier than Shakespeare — Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, all of them very popular in Shakespeare's lifetime (unluckily, they all died young, and Shakespeare had the advantage of outliving them).
If we look mto the background of Shakespeare 's works, he seems almost shockingly unoriginal. There is not a single genre or device he created on his own. The blank-verse tragedy first appeared on the English stage three years before his birth; blank verse itself was invented by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, in the 1540s; the sonnet in English dates back to 1530s, and its 'Shakespearean' form was also established by Surrey. And of 36 plays written by Shakespeare, 32 are based on stories found in earlier literature. Where, then, is there any room for genius?
There are two things left which are basic for literature: style and characters. What makes Shakespeare Shakespeare is how he gives us insight the human mind through his use of language. His characters are not just speaking on stage — they are always thinking, and their speech presents the very flow of their thought: embarrassed, frightened, playful etc. Unlike most playwrights before the 20th century, Shakespeare is not interested in creating 'types', or sets of fixed features — his task is rather to explore the changing states of mind in different personalities. That is why Shakespeare's characters look so lively and modern today.
If one needs to see how Shakespeare 's method works, Macbeth is an obvious choice. The shortest of Shakespeare's tragedies and one of his greatest works, it would have never been known if Shakespeare's friends had not published it in a posthumous collection of 1623. (Hamlet, for instance, was published twice in Shakespeare's lifetime). It is a story of a legendary Scottish person who murdered many people in order to ascend to the throne. However, the original story did not have Macbeth punished immediately—he reigned for many years. Shakespeare rendered the legend so that his distaste for amoral policy became apparent. Shakespeare's Macbeth is a naturally good man who is, through his own choice, transformed into a monster — and ruined.